Diphtheria is a serious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It primarily affects the throat and nose but can also impact the skin and other mucous membranes. Although rare in many parts of the world due to widespread vaccination, it remains a significant health concern where immunization rates are low.
Diphtheria is spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread via contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. The bacteria produce a toxin that causes severe inflammation and damage to the tissues.
Diphtheria symptoms typically begin 2 to 5 days after exposure and can start suddenly with a sore throat, fever, and weakness.
One of the hallmark signs is a thick, gray or white coating on the throat and tonsils, known as a pseudo membrane, which can make swallowing difficult and may cause breathing problems. The infection often leads to swollen lymph nodes in the neck, giving a “bull neck” appearance. In severe cases, the diphtheria toxin can cause complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle) and nerve damage, potentially resulting in paralysis.
Diphtheria requires immediate medical attention to prevent severe complications and transmission. The primary treatment involves administering diphtheria antitoxin, which neutralizes the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. This antitoxin is crucial in reducing the effects of the toxin on the body and must be given as soon as possible after diagnosis.
In addition to antitoxin therapy, antibiotics such as penicillin or erythromycin are prescribed to eradicate the bacteria from the patient’s system and prevent further spread of the infection. The choice of antibiotic depends on the severity of the infection and the patient’s overall health condition.
Supportive care is also essential during recovery. This includes rest, adequate hydration, and monitoring for potential complications such as myocarditis or nerve damage. In severe cases, patients may need hospitalization for intensive monitoring and treatment. Ensuring the patient’s environment is clean and practicing good hygiene are important to prevent transmission. Adhering to the full course of antibiotics and follow-up care is crucial to ensure complete recovery and minimize the risk of recurrence.
Vaccination is the most effective method for preventing diphtheria, typically administered during childhood and booster doses recommended every 10 years, ensuring high community vaccination coverage.
